Prinsip Dasar Pricing Asuransi
Pricing asuransi adalah seni dan sains dalam menentukan premi yang:
- Adequate: Cukup untuk menutup expected claims dan expenses
- Equitable: Fair sesuai dengan tingkat risiko masing-masing tertanggung
- Competitive: Kompetitif di pasar
- Profitable: Menghasilkan return yang sesuai dengan risk
Komponen Premi
Premi asuransi terdiri dari beberapa komponen:
Gross Premium = Pure Premium + Loading
= (Expected Claims + Risk Margin) + (Expenses + Profit + Commission)
1. Pure Premium (Net Premium)
Biaya untuk menutup expected claims:
Pure Premium = Expected Claim Amount × Expected Claim Frequency
2. Risk Margin
Buffer untuk volatilitas dan uncertainty dalam estimasi klaim
3. Loading
- Acquisition Costs: Commission, underwriting, medical check-up
- Administration Costs: Policy servicing, claims processing
- Overhead: Rent, IT, salaries
- Profit Margin: Target return on equity
Metode Pricing Life Insurance
Term Life Insurance
Menggunakan mortality table dan present value calculation:
Annual Premium = (Sum Assured × qx × v) / ax dimana: - qx = probability of death pada usia x - v = discount factor = 1/(1+i) - i = interest/discount rate - ax = present value of annuity
Contoh Perhitungan:
- Usia: 35 tahun
- Sum Assured: Rp 1 Miliar
- Term: 10 tahun
- Mortality rate (q35): 0.0015
- Discount rate: 8%
Pure Premium Year 1 = 1,000,000,000 × 0.0015 / 1.08
= Rp 1,388,889
Total Premium dengan Loading 40%:
Gross Premium = 1,388,889 / (1 - 0.40) = Rp 2,314,815
Metode Pricing General Insurance
Loss Ratio Method
Paling umum untuk motor, property, health insurance:
Premium = Expected Claims / (1 - Expense Ratio - Target Profit Ratio)
= Claims / (1 - Combined Ratio Target)
Example: Motor Insurance
| Item | Amount / Ratio |
|---|---|
| Sum Insured | Rp 200,000,000 |
| Expected Loss Ratio | 65% |
| Commission | 15% |
| Expenses | 10% |
| Profit Margin | 10% |
Target Combined Ratio = 65% + 15% + 10% + 10% = 100% Minimum Premium Rate = 65% / (100% - 35%) = 100% Basic Premium = 200,000,000 × 3.5% = Rp 7,000,000 (assuming base rate 3.5% for this vehicle category)
Burning Cost Method
Untuk large risks atau corporate clients dengan claim history:
Burning Cost = (Total Claims Last 3-5 Years) / (Total Sum Insured × Number of Years) Premium Rate = Burning Cost × Credibility Factor + Market Rate × (1 - Credibility Factor)
Risk Classification & Rating Factors
Adjust premi berdasarkan risk factors:
Life Insurance:
- Age (primary driver)
- Gender
- Smoking status
- Health condition
- Occupation
- Hobbies (sports berbahaya)
Motor Insurance:
- Vehicle type & age
- Sum insured
- Usage (private vs commercial)
- Geographic zone
- Driver age & experience
- Claim history (no claim discount)
Premium Structure Examples
Tiered Pricing
| Age Band | Base Premium | Relativity |
|---|---|---|
| 18-25 | Rp 2,000,000 | 1.50 |
| 26-35 | Rp 1,500,000 | 1.00 (base) |
| 36-45 | Rp 1,650,000 | 1.10 |
| 46-55 | Rp 1,950,000 | 1.30 |
Testing & Validation
Setelah pricing model dibuat, lakukan validation:
- Profitability Testing: Project profit/loss di berbagai skenario
- Sensitivity Analysis: Test impact dari perubahan assumptions
- Market Comparison: Benchmark dengan competitors
- Regulatory Compliance: Pastikan comply dengan ketentuan OJK
Modern Pricing Techniques
Generalized Linear Models (GLM)
Statistical modeling untuk mengidentifikasi risk factors yang signifikan dan optimal pricing structure.
Predictive Analytics
Machine learning untuk identify patterns dalam data historis dan improve pricing accuracy.
Kesimpulan
Pricing asuransi yang efektif memerlukan kombinasi dari:
- Solid actuarial methodology
- Comprehensive data analysis
- Understanding market dynamics
- Regulatory awareness
- Technology enablement
Konsultasikan dengan aktuaris bersertifikat untuk merancang pricing strategy yang optimal untuk produk asuransi Anda.
